Peruvian Chinese: The Coolie Ships, Chifa, and Latin America's Largest Chinese Community
Between 1849 and 1874, somewhere between ninety thousand and one hundred and twenty thousand Chinese laborers — nearly all of them young men — were carried across the Pacific to Peru under eight-year contracts they signed in a language they could not read.…
Coolie Trade
The White Island
The islands rise from the Pacific as white cliffs — not of chalk, not of limestone, but of guano (鸟粪, niǎofèn), the accumulated excrement of millions of seabirds deposited over millennia, thirty to fifty meters deep in places. There is no vegetation. No soil. No fresh water. Only guano, rock, and the…