The Ma surname (马, "horse") is one of the rare Chinese surnames derived not from a place or a clan but from an official military title — and the martial character encoded in that single character has shaped one of China's most resilient lineages for over two thousand years. During the Warring States period (475–221…
Discover how Wuyi Chinese laborers built the Transcontinental Railroad—then were erased from history in an enduring act of racial exclusion.