The Xu (徐) Surname: From the State of Xu to the Wuyi Tanka and Overseas Diaspora
Two Surnames, One Pronunciation
Ask where the Xu surname origin lies and the answer runs to a state rather than a dynasty. The Xu surname (徐, Xú) descends, in its own lineage tradition, from the lower Huai river —…
The Xiao (萧/肖) Surname: One Name, Two Characters, Many Spellings
The Chinese surname Xiao is registered under two characters — Xiao (萧, Xiāo), the older form, and Xiao (肖, Xiào, also read Xiāo as a surname), the substitute the mainland registers carry — and the difference is neither ancient nor genealogical: it is the residue…
The Lu (陆) Surname: From Yamen's Loyal Minister to the Wuyi Diaspora
Lu (陆, Lù) is a top-hundred Chinese surname: 57th to 60th on the 2018 household-registry counts, about 4.2 to 4.4 million mainland bearers — Yuan Yida's Contemporary Hundred Surnames (2005) gives 60th at 0.31 per cent, other compilations 61st at 4.8 million, an…
How to Read a Chinese Zupu: A Diaspora Descendant's Guide
The Book That Was Written for You
Every few years, someone inherits a book they cannot read. Thread-bound, paper soft with age, characters printed vertically in a classical Chinese no one in the family studied. It is a zupu (族谱 zúpǔ) — a clan genealogy,…
The He (贺) Surname: From Wu State Nobility to the Wuyi Diaspora
Not every Chinese surname begins with a murder. This one does.
If your surname is He — written 贺, not 何 — you carry a name born from one of the most dramatic assassinations in Chinese history. In 514 BCE, in the state…
The Guo (郭) Surname: From Zhou Dynasty Nobility to the Wuyi Diaspora
The Guo (郭) surname carries one of the longest continuously documented lineages in Chinese history — three thousand years from the Zhou dynasty’s founding brothers to the diaspora communities of the Wuyi (四邑) region (trace your own surname origins with our Surname Compass).…
In 1313, the Mongol Yuan dynasty made a decision that would shape education across East Asia for the next six centuries: it declared one man's commentaries on the Confucian classics the official standard for China's civil service examinations. That man was Zhu Xi (朱熹), a 12th-century philosopher from Fujian whose synthesis of Neo-Confucianism — his…
The Sun surname (孙) traces its roots to three ancient Chinese noble lineages — the Ji (姬) clan of the Zhou dynasty, the Mi (芈) clan of Chu, and the Gui (妫) clan of Qi — converging over three millennia into a single name now carried by 18 million people worldwide. Among Chinese surnames, Sun…
A Name That Carried Across the Pacific
The Yang surname (杨, Yáng) is the 6th most common surname in China, carried by approximately 40 million people worldwide. It traces its origin to the court of King Wu of Zhou (周武王, Zhōu Wǔ Wáng) in the 11th century BCE, making it one of the oldest continuously…
A Heart Cut Open: The Birth of the Lin Surname
In the final years of the Shang dynasty, around 1100 BCE, a minister named Bi Gan (比干) walked into the palace of King Zhou (纣王) knowing he would not walk out.
King Zhou was a tyrant — the last ruler of a dying dynasty, notorious…