The Chinese Hand Laundry: How Wuyi Immigrants Built an American Icon (1850s–1940s)
The Signature Trade of Chinese America
Of all the occupations that shaped Chinese America, none was more widespread — or more misunderstood — than the Chinese hand laundry (洗衣业, xǐyī yè). For a century it was the country's most iconic Chinese trade: born…
Chinese Diaspora
Angel Island Chinese Immigration: The Wooden House and the Carved Poems of the Excluded (1910–1940)
The Wooden House on the Pacific Gate
Between January 21, 1910, and October 1940, a wooded island in San Francisco Bay served as the Pacific gate of the Chinese Exclusion Act (排華法案, Pái Huá Fǎ'àn). Angel Island Chinese immigration was…
The Chinese Head Tax: How Canada Charged Wuyi Migrants
The Price of Entry
Canada's first restriction on Chinese immigration was not a ban. It was a price — the Chinese head tax (人头税, réntóushuì), a fee collected at the gate from every Chinese person seeking entry, from 1885 to 1923.
The ladder climbed in three…
Three Diaspora Routes: Wuyi, Fujian, and Chaozhou Compared
Ask most people how the overseas Chinese left China, and you will get a single answer: they crossed the Pacific to work the goldfields and build the railroads. That is true — but it is only one of the answers, and it is the newest one. Long…
When the gold ran out, the Siyi miners did not go home. They picked up hoes instead of picks — and transformed Australian agriculture. By 1900, Chinese market gardeners from five counties in Guangdong's Pearl River Delta — the Five Counties, or Wuyi (五邑, Wǔyì) — supplied an estimated 75 to 80 percent of Sydney's…