The Liao (廖) Surname: From a Xia-Dynasty State to the Wuyi Diaspora
A Name from Before Writing
The Liao (廖, Liào) surname is one of the few Chinese surnames whose story begins before writing. It traces itself to 叔安 (Shū'ān, Shu'an), lord of the ancient 飂 state in the Xia dynasty, whose state name became…
A Fief That Became a Name
The Ye surname begins with a place that outlived its state. Twenty-five hundred years ago, on the floodplain of what is now Ye County, Henan (叶县, Yè Xiàn), lay the fief of Ye (叶邑, Yè Yì) — first recorded in the annals in 576 BCE. The small state it…
Between 1840 and 1940, over two million people departed from a handful of stone jetties along the Tan River. They were leaving Wuyi (五邑, wǔyì — the five counties of Taishan, Kaiping, Xinhui, Enping, and Heshan), a stretch of rocky, typhoon-prone coastline on Guangdong’s southwestern edge, bound for gold fields in California, tin mines in…
The Name That Was a Kingdom nIn the eleventh century before the Common Era, a man named Man Gong (曼) knelt before the Shang king and received a fiefdom in the fertile Nanyang basin of present-day Henan province. The territory was called Deng (邓). For nearly four centuries, the State of Deng (邓) navigated the…
Cao Surname Wuyi Diaspora: Three Thousand Years from Zhou Dynasty State to Gold Mountain nIn the eleventh century before the Common Era, King Wu of Zhou (周王) conquered the Shang dynasty and divided his new realm among his brothers and loyal generals. One of those brothers was named Zhenduo (振). The king gave him a…
Between 1840 and 1949, the Wuyi region sent over two million people overseas — and for a century, the only thread connecting them to home was paper. The qiaopi (侨批, qiáopī) — remittance letter — doubled as financial transaction and intimate family document: a few silver dollars folded inside a few sentences. Money and love…
In the spring of 1885, a Hakka woman of the Yuan clan (源, Yuán Shì) stood at the edge of Xiaoxiang Village (霄村) and watched her eldest son walk toward the Xijiang River (西). He was sixteen. He carried a cloth bundle containing three changes of clothing, a small pouch of ground tea leaves (擂,…
A tower stands alone in a rice paddy near a river called Baisha. Its reinforced concrete walls face west — toward America. It was built with money sent from a laundry in San Francisco by a man — call him Zhang — who left his village in 1902. He never saw the tower finished. He…