The Fang (方) Surname: From the Fall of the Song Court to the Towers of Kaiping
Fang (方, fāng; Fong in Cantonese-speaking communities) is one of the most portable surnames in the Chinese world — a single character that turns up in the phone books of Vancouver, San Francisco, Havana, and Singapore. In China alone…
The Situ (司徒) Surname: From a Zhou Court Office to the Wuyi Diaspora
A Name That Was Once an Office
The Situ (司徒, Sītú) surname is one of the few office-derived compound surnames (官职姓, guānzhíxìng) to survive from Chinese antiquity — it began as the Zhou-dynasty office of Minister of Lands and Education (地官大司徒, dìguān…
The Liao (廖) Surname: From a Xia-Dynasty State to the Wuyi Diaspora
A Name from Before Writing
The Liao (廖, Liào) surname is one of the few Chinese surnames whose story begins before writing. It traces itself to Shu'an (叔安, Shū'ān), lord of the ancient state of Liu (飂, Liù) in the Xia dynasty, a…
Mid-Autumn Festival 2026: The Reunion Festival of the Separated
Of all the festivals on the Chinese calendar, the Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节, Zhōngqiū Jié) is the one built around a single shape. The full moon (满月, mǎnyuè) is round. The mooncake (月饼, yuèbǐng) is round. The table a family gathers around is round — and in…
The Hu (胡) Surname: From the State of Hu to the Wuyi Diaspora
The State That Became a Name
The Hu surname (胡, Hú) was born in the year a state died. In 495 BC the armies of Chu marched on the small Gui-clan (归姓, Guī xìng) state of Hu (胡子国, Húzǐ Guó), near what…
A Fief That Became a Name
The Ye surname begins with a place that outlived its state. Twenty-five hundred years ago, on the floodplain of what is now Ye County, Henan (叶县, Yè Xiàn), lay the fief of Ye (叶邑, Yè Yì) — first recorded in the annals in 576 BCE. The small state it…
Chinese Railroad Workers: The Wuyi Villages That Built the Transcontinental
Between 1865 and 1869, approximately 12,000 Chinese workers laid the track that connected America from coast to coast. More than eighty percent came from a cluster of four counties in Guangdong province — an area smaller than Connecticut. Their wages built diaolou towers, their letters…
The Name That Was a Kingdom nIn the eleventh century before the Common Era, a man named Man Gong (曼) knelt before the Shang king and received a fiefdom in the fertile Nanyang basin of present-day Henan province. The territory was called Deng (邓). For nearly four centuries, the State of Deng (邓) navigated the…
Cao Surname Wuyi Diaspora: Three Thousand Years from Zhou Dynasty State to Gold Mountain nIn the eleventh century before the Common Era, King Wu of Zhou (周王) conquered the Shang dynasty and divided his new realm among his brothers and loyal generals. One of those brothers was named Zhenduo (振). The king gave him a…