The Name That Was a Kingdom
In the eleventh century before the Common Era, a man named Man Gong (曼公) knelt before the Shang king and received a fiefdom in the fertile Nanyang basin of present-day Henan province. The territory was called Deng (邓). For nearly four centuries, the State of Deng (邓国) navigated the…
The Name That Carried 3,100 Years
In the eleventh century before the Common Era, a man named Wen Shu (文叔) knelt before King Wu of Zhou and received a fiefdom in the fertile plains of what is now Henan province. The new territory was called Xu (许). Wen Shu traced his lineage to the legendary…
The Name That Means "King"
The Wang surname — 王 (Wáng), simply the Chinese character for "king" — is the second most common surname in the world. One hundred and one million people in China carry it, and an estimated six to eight million more overseas trace their ancestry through it. It is not an…
In 230 BCE, the armies of Qin entered the capital of the state of Han (韩国). Han, smallest and most vulnerable of the seven Warring States, was the first to fall in the Qin unification campaign. Most royal houses that resisted Qin were exterminated. But members of the Han royal family escaped. Fleeing south from…
The Ma surname (马, "horse") is one of the rare Chinese surnames derived not from a place or a clan but from an official military title — and the martial character encoded in that single character has shaped one of China's most resilient lineages for over two thousand years. During the Warring States period (475–221…
The Sun surname (孙) traces its roots to three ancient Chinese noble lineages — the Ji (姬) clan of the Zhou dynasty, the Mi (芈) clan of Chu, and the Gui (妫) clan of Qi — converging over three millennia into a single name now carried by 18 million people worldwide. Among Chinese surnames, Sun…
A Name That Carried Across the Pacific
The Yang surname (杨, Yáng) is the 6th most common surname in China, carried by approximately 40 million people worldwide. It traces its origin to the court of King Wu of Zhou (周武王, Zhōu Wǔ Wáng) in the 11th century BCE, making it one of the oldest continuously…
Every Chinese person who has ever learned to read has memorized the same four characters: 赵钱孙李 — Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li. These are the opening words of the Hundred Family Surnames (百家姓, Bǎijiāxìng), the most famous roster of Chinese names in history, compiled during the Song Dynasty (宋朝, Sòng Cháo, 960-1279 CE). For a millennium,…
A Heart Cut Open: The Birth of the Lin Surname
In the final years of the Shang dynasty, around 1100 BCE, a minister named Bi Gan (比干) walked into the palace of King Zhou (纣王) knowing he would not walk out.
King Zhou was a tyrant — the last ruler of a dying dynasty, notorious…
Water Has Ten Thousand Branches but One Source
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In 1225 on a hillside in northern Guangdong, one man gathered his family and made a pact. His name was 陈辉 (Chén Huī), honorifically called 凤台公 (Fèngtái Gōng, Honorable Fengtai). He was a Song-dynasty jinshi (进士), the highest imperial examination degree, who served as Imperial…